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Informazioni su History of France

Read the history of France in multiple languages.

The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age. What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul. Greek writers noted the presence of three main ethno-linguistic groups in the area: the Gauls, the Aquitani, and the Belgae. The Gauls, the largest and best attested group, were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language.

Over the course of the first millennium BC the Greeks, Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands. The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC, and Roman Legions under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58–51 BC. Afterwards a Gallo-Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman Empire.

In the later stages of the Roman Empire, Gaul was subject to barbarian raids and migration, most importantly by the Germanic Franks. The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century, setting the stage for Frankish dominance in the region for hundreds of years. Frankish power reached its fullest extent under Charlemagne. The medieval Kingdom of France emerged from the western part of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire, known as West Francia, and achieved increasing prominence under the rule of the House of Capet, founded by Hugh Capet in 987.

L'histoire de la France commence avec les premières occupations humaines du territoire correspondant au pays actuel. Aux groupes présents depuis le Paléolithique et le Néolithique, sont venues s'ajouter, à l'Âge du bronze et à l'Âge du fer, des vagues successives de Celtes, puis au IIIe siècle de peuples germains (Francs, Wisigoths, Alamans, Burgondes) et au IXe siècle de scandinaves appelés Normands.

Le nom de la France est issu d'un peuple germanique, les Francs. Clovis (466-511), roi des Francs saliens, scelle par son baptême à Reims l'alliance de la royauté franque avec l'Église catholique. Il unit les tribus franques salienne et ripuaire et conquiert un ensemble de territoires en Gaule et en Germanie qui sont agrandis par ses descendants mérovingiens, puis par la deuxième dynastie franque des Carolingiens fondée en 751. Charlemagne en particulier conquiert la Basse-Saxe dans le Nord de l'Allemagne, le royaume lombard en Italie et constitue une marche à l'est qui deviendra l'Autriche. L'Empire carolingien est finalement partagé en 843 entre ses petits-fils par le traité de Verdun qui sépare la Francie occidentale de la Francie orientale, qui deviendra le royaume de Germanie. La troisième dynastie franque, celle des Capétiens, s'impose définitivement en Francie occidentale à partir de 987. Philippe Auguste et ses successeurs donnent une nouvelle impulsion à l'unification territoriale du royaume de France et repoussent les frontières orientales du Rhône sur les Alpes et de la Saône sur le Rhin, à partir de l'achat du Dauphiné (1349) jusqu'à l'annexion de l'Alsace (1648-1681).

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Last updated on Sep 30, 2021

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